Applications for CD19 Antibody (obexelimab) [DyLight 405]
Application
Recommended Usage
ELISA
Optimal dilutions of this antibody should be experimentally determined.
Flow Cytometry
Optimal dilutions of this antibody should be experimentally determined.
Functional
Optimal dilutions of this antibody should be experimentally determined.
Application Notes
Optimal dilution of this antibody should be experimentally determined.
Please Note: Optimal dilutions of this antibody should be experimentally determined.
Formulation, Preparation, and Storage
Purification
Protein A purified
Formulation
50mM Sodium Borate
Preservative
0.05% Sodium Azide
Concentration
Please see the vial label for concentration. If unlisted please contact technical services.
Shipping
The product is shipped with polar packs. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below.
Stability & Storage
Store at 4C in the dark.
Background: CD19
CD19 (Cluster of Differentiation 19), also known as B-lymphocyte surface antigen B4, is a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to immunoglobulin (Ig) subfamily that serves as a biomarker for normal and neoplastic B cells (1,2). CD19 is a co-receptor for the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling complex and has a critical role in regulating B cell signaling and immune response (1,2). The CD19 protein contains an extracellular N-terminus containing two C2 Ig-like domains separated by a helical non-Ig domain, a single pass transmembrane domain, and a highly conserved cytoplasmic C-terminal domain (1,2). The human CD19 protein, encoded by the CD19 gene located on chromosome 16p11.2, is 556 amino acids (aa) in length with a calculated theoretical molecular weight (MW) of 61 kDa and an observed molecular weight of 95 kDa (1-3). CD19 associates with other molecules - CD21, CD81, and CD225 - to form the BCR co-complex, also called the CD19 complex, through CD21 binding to the complement C3d complex (1-3). Complement C3d bridges the BCR with the CD19 complex into lipid rafts of the plasma membrane (1-3). CD19 is capable of modulating B cell development through both BCR-dependent and -independent signaling (1-3). Upon BCR activation, the tyrosine residues of CD19's cytoplasmic tail recruits multiple kinases including Lyn, Vav, and PI3K, amplifying BCR-mediated immune signaling and B cell activation (1-3).
Considering the role of CD19 in BCR signaling and its expression in development from pre-B cells through plasma cells, it is understandable that CD19 dysfunction and abnormal expression is associated with numerous B cell malignancies and autoimmune disorders (1-5). CD19 expression is typically observed at relatively normal levels in B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL) but is often reduced other types of lymphoma including diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL) (1,2). On the other hand, CD19 expression is typically increased in autoimmune disorders such as systemic sclerosis (SSc) and multiple sclerosis (MS) as modeled by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) (2). CD19 has become a therapeutic molecular target for the treatment of B cell lymphomas and autoimmune disorders using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), bi-specific T cell engaging (BiTE) antibodies, and CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells (1,2,4-6). Although anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy has become the standard for the treatment of B cell malignancies, patients may experience relapse due to resistance mechanisms (6). Strategies to improve efficacy and limit relapse include combination of CAR T cell therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors like anti-PD-1 (4,6).
References
1. Wang K, Wei G, Liu D. CD19: a biomarker for B cell development, lymphoma diagnosis and therapy. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2012;1(1):36. https://doi.org/10.1186/2162-3619-1-36
3. Wentink MWJ, van Zelm MC, van Dongen JJM, Warnatz K, van der Burg M. Deficiencies in the CD19 complex. Clin Immunol. 2018;195:82-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2018.07.017
4. Frigault MJ, Maus MV. State of the art in CAR T cell therapy for CD19+ B cell malignancies. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(4):1586-1594. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI129208
Product Specific Notices for CD19 Antibody (obexelimab) [DyLight 405]
DyLight (R) is a trademark of Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. and its subsidiaries.
This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Primary Antibodies are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.
CD19 is a type-I transmembrane glycoprotein of 95 kDa that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and is widely expressed on B cells throughout most stages of B-cell differentiation, though its expression is down-regulated during their terminal differentiation to plasma cells.
Anti-CD19 monoclonal antibodies are a class of drugs used to treat adults with certain types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) that have relapsed or did not respond to previous treatment (refractory) and who cannot receive a stem cell transplant.
CD19 is a biomarker for normal and neoplastic B cells, as well as follicular dendritic cells. CD19 is critically involved in establishing intrinsic B cell signaling thresholds through modulating both B cell receptor-dependent and independent signaling.
Elevated CD19 is seen in B cell lymphomas and in autoimmune diseases. Since CD19 is a marker of B cells, the protein has been used to diagnose cancers that arise from this type of cell - notably: - B cell lymphomas. The B-cell lymphomas are types of lymphoma affecting B cells.
A decreased level of % CD19+ B cells in the blood can indicate potential issues with the immune system and may have various implications. CD19+ B cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a fundamental role in the immune system's ability to respond to infections and produce antibodies.
About Test: CD19 is a biomarker for normal B lymphocytes, cancerous B cells and follicular dendritic cells. It is an early B-cell lineage-restricted antigen that is encoded by gene CD19. B-lymphocyte antigen, CD19 plays an important role in the development of B lymphocytes and antibody production in the human body.
Since CD19 is expressed throughout B-cell development and plays a critical role in maintaining the balance between humoral, antigen-induced immune response and tolerance induction, CD19 targeted immunotherapy is emerging as a promising approach for autoimmunity diseases and B cell lymphomas.
CD19 levels can potentially be useful as a diagnostic tool in distinguishing certain lymphoma subtypes. Follicular lymphoma, for example, has lower CD19 level more frequently than any other lymphoma subtypes. Low CD19 is also more common in CD10-positive than in CD10-negative diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) [31].
The CD19 (Cluster of Differentiation 19) test is a laboratory test used to measure the levels of a protein called CD19 on the surface of B-cells, a type of white blood cell. The protein plays a key role in the immune system.
CD19 is continuously and stably expressed on all stages of B lineage differentiation, and it is a reliable cell membrane marker for diagnosing B lineage ALL and an ideal target for antibody-targeting treatment of leukemia.
These studies indicate that anti-CD19 antibodies strongly recruit immune cells to precursor-B ALL cells and can enter to early phase trials in pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (23). Single-agent activity with a manageable toxicity profile has been found in CLL cases treated in phase 1/2 trial of MEDI-551.
Introduction: My name is Terence Hammes MD, I am a inexpensive, energetic, jolly, faithful, cheerful, proud, rich person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.
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